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How Do You Receive Money from the United Arab Emirates to India in 2026?

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Short answer

You can receive money from the United Arab Emirates to India through local AED account details from a payment platform, a card or payment link, or a SWIFT wire to your Indian bank. On published fees, the cheapest local route for AED 18,000 is Skydo, at about 0.70%.234567 Who this is for: Indian freelancers and registered service exporters. Each export needs an EDF and payment within nine months of the invoice.50

MethodAll-in costSpeedFIRA
Local AED account details from a payment platformFrom about 0.70% (Skydo)234567Varies by platform; see the platform tableVaries by platform; see the platform table
Card or payment linkFrom about 3.88 to 6.79% (Payoneer)89Varies by platformDepends on the platform
SWIFT wire to your Indian bankSet by your bank and any intermediary banks; not comparableDepends on the banks involvedAsk your bank

3,700 AED = ₹94,949 at the reference rate for 13 November 2026 (European Central Bank data).

Estimated rupees received, on published fees

Sorted by estimated rupees received, highest first. Only providers that publish both their fee and their conversion markup for this currency and method can be estimated.

#Provider and routeBest forFee (+GST)MarkupYou receiveCost
1WinvestaLowest estimated costGlobal Collections Account, standard plan (up to 2,000 a month per currency)Local transfers with a published per-payment fee₹2,0180%₹92,9312.12%
2SkydoTransfer to Skydo local account details or international SWIFT accountLocal bank transfers from major markets₹2,1130%₹92,8362.23%
3PayoneerLocal bank transfer to Payoneer receiving account detailsMarketplace payouts such as Amazon or Upwork₹0no GST stated1 to 4%₹91,151 to ₹93,9991.00 to 4.00%

Not estimated because pricing is not fully published: PingPong, TransFi.

Where a provider says GST applies to its fee but not at what rate, the range runs from no GST to 18%, the rate Skydo, Stripe and Winvesta state on their pages. Estimates use each provider's published fee, conversion markup, GST on fees and FIRA charge, checked 2026-10-28, against the reference rate. They exclude charges taken by intermediary banks and your own bank, and the rate a provider actually applies at the time of conversion. Check the provider's pricing page before you choose. The order is calculated only from these published numbers; no provider can pay to change its position, and there are no affiliate links.

What are the ways to receive money from the United Arab Emirates to India?

The ways to receive money from the United Arab Emirates to India compare as follows. Costs are estimates on published fees for AED 18,000, about USD 5,000 at the ECB reference rate.51

Local AED accountCard or payment linkSWIFT wire to your bank
Fees and markupFrom about 0.70%234567From about 3.88 to 6.79%89Set by your bank and intermediaries
SettlementVaries by platform; see the platform tableVaries by platformDepends on the banks involved
FIRAVaries by platform; see the platform tableVaries by platformAsk your bank
Regulatory statusCheck the platform's RBI status belowCheck the platform's RBI status belowAuthorised dealer bank
Best forRegular invoices from businessesSmall or one-off paymentsLarge payments to an existing bank relationship

How does each method of receiving money from the United Arab Emirates work?

Each method of receiving money from the United Arab Emirates works differently, and costs differ by method.

How does a local AED account work for payments from the United Arab Emirates?

A platform gives you account details in the United Arab Emirates or in AED, so your client pays you as it would pay a local supplier. The platform converts the AED to INR and pays your Indian bank account.

  • Pros: the client pays a local transfer; costs are usually published.
  • Cons: not every platform accepts AED; conversion markups vary.
  • Cost: from about 0.70% on published fees.234567
  • FIRA: varies by platform; check the platform table below.

How does a SWIFT wire work for payments from the United Arab Emirates?

Your client sends an international wire to your Indian bank account using its SWIFT code. Your bank converts the AED at its buying rate.

  • Pros: no third party between you and the client.
  • Cons: intermediary banks may deduct charges; the conversion rate is usually not published in advance.
  • Cost: set by your bank and any intermediary banks, so it is not comparable here.
  • FIRA: ask your bank how it issues FIRAs for inward remittances.

You send a link or checkout page and the client pays by card. The platform settles INR to your bank.

  • Pros: quick for the client; useful for small or one-off payments.
  • Cons: card pricing is usually higher than bank transfer pricing.
  • Cost: from about 3.88 to 6.79% on published fees.89

How do UAE clients usually pay Indian vendors?

UAE clients usually pay Indian vendors in UAE dirham (AED), though you can invoice in another currency if the client agrees. Domestic payments in the United Arab Emirates move through the Aani instant payments platform and the Jaywan national card scheme, both operated by Al Etihad Payments.52 A client paying from the United Arab Emirates enters your local account details or, for a wire, your bank's SWIFT code and your account number. Domestic rails in the United Arab Emirates do not reach an Indian bank account directly.

Which platforms are best for receiving AED in India?

The platforms best for receiving AED in India are listed by estimated cost on AED 18,000, cheapest first; platforms without full pricing follow, A to Z.234567

PlatformBest forFX markupFeeEstimated cost on AED 18,000FIRASettlementRBI PA-CB status
SkydoLocal bank transfers from major markets10Skydo's product page says conversion is at a live mid-market rate with 0% markup. Its terms say conversion uses a retail foreign exchange rate determined by Skydo or its partner banks and do not guarantee the most favourable rate.67Skydo says it charges USD 19 plus GST for transactions up to USD 2,000, USD 29 plus GST from USD 2,001 to USD 10,000, and 0.3% plus GST above USD 10,000; payments above USD 100K a month are priced on request.230.70%234567Skydo says it issues a free FIRA on every payment received, and that its FIRA and FIRC are accepted for GST filing and by banks.611Skydo's product page says funds settle to the Indian bank within 24 hours. Its terms commit to commercially reasonable efforts to credit within T+1 to T+3 business days, depending on currency and corridor. ACH Debit via InstaLinks typically settles within 6 business days.6712Skydo Technologies Private Limited is on the RBI list as a PA-CB-I & O (Payment Aggregator, Cross Border, facilitating inward and outward transactions), authorised on 8 January 2026. Its terms say it uses partner banks to provide the service.137
PayoneerMarketplace payouts such as Amazon or Upwork14Not published as a separate rate. Withdrawing to an Indian bank account in INR from a balance in another currency costs 1% to 4% of the transaction amount; Payoneer says the exact fee depends on region and transaction volume and is shown in your account.Receiving account (local bank transfer): Payoneer's India multi-currency page says receiving USD is free for customers from India and other currencies are free; its India pricing page shows a standard 'fixed fee or 1%' for non-local currencies and says the fees applicable to you are shown in your account. From another Payoneer customer: free. Payment request: credit card 2.90% + $0.49, ACH bank debit (US only) 1%. Marketplace payouts: fees set by each marketplace. Intermediary banks may deduct fees on USD wires.1581.00 to 4.00%8159Free digital FIRA PDF for each transaction, issued by Payoneer's partner AD bank and available in the account under Manage, Reports and statements, within 24 to 72 hours (the same help article also says 1 to 3 business days). The e-FIRA/IRM in EDPMS is issued by the exporter's own bank, which may need the FIRA plus export documents.916Payoneer's pages differ: the India pricing page says within 48 hours of receipt; the multi-currency account page and the India onboarding guide say within 24 hours.81514Payoneer lists 'Payoneer for India' as an Online Payment Gateway Service Provider (OPGSP) registered with the Reserve Bank of India (LO UIN No. MULO16008013). Payoneer India Private Limited received in-principle authorisation as a Payment Aggregator - Cross Border (PA-CB) on 22 January 2026; RBI lists it in Table E (applications under process, cannot operate) as of 16 October 2026 and states in-principle authorisation is not authorisation under Section 7 of the PSS Act. It does not appear in RBI's Certificates of Authorisation list dated 16 October 2026. Payoneer says INR payouts are processed by its partner AD banks over NEFT, RTGS and IMPS.171819209
Cashfree PaymentsRegistered businesses paid by local transfer2122Cashfree says Global Collections has no forex markup and that it handles conversion to INR in real time. The exchange rate used and any spread are not published.232421Global Collections: Not published. The pricing page shows 'Request Price' and describes a 'Low, processing fee; no hidden charges'. Cashfree says there is no setup cost.2524Not estimated: pricing not fully publishedCashfree's Global Collections page says an e-FIRA is generated at no extra cost within 1 day. Its documentation says its AD-1 partner bank issues an eFIRS on a T+1 basis, obtained by request through the support form or account manager. For the card gateway, Cashfree mentions monthly FIRC reports and instant FIRS.24232627Global Collections: Not published for the exporter. Cashfree says funds are swept to a NOSTRO account and repatriated to India no later than seven days after credit. International card gateway: T+2 per Cashfree's documentation.2427Cashfree Payments India Private Limited appears on the RBI list of authorised payment system operators as a Payment Aggregator (online and physical) and as PA-CB I & O, which the RBI defines as a Payment Aggregator, Cross Border facilitating inward and outward transactions. Cashfree's own pages also say Global Collections operates under the RBI's OPGSP (Online Payment Gateway Service Provider) guideline.282326
PingPongCollecting marketplace and processor payouts2930Not published as a percentage. PingPong's terms say conversion happens at the rate PingPong determines at the time of the transaction, at its sole and absolute discretion.PingPong says creating an account and receiving payments is free of charge, and that most virtual accounts are free to use.3132Not estimated: pricing not fully publishedPingPong says it provides a digital FIRC free of cost. You apply in the dashboard against the relevant transactions and PingPong says the application takes 3 to 5 business days.293334PingPong says INR withdrawals submitted before 2:30 pm succeed the same day (T+0) and after 2:30 pm the next day (T+1); non-INR withdrawals succeed within 1 to 3 days. Its freelancer page says 1 to 2 working days to an Indian account.3530PingPong says its India Liaison Office is approved by the RBI (unique identification number BGLO19008226) and that PingPong acts in India as an Online Payment Gateway Service Provider (OPGSP). Its terms for Indian customers cite the RBI Payment Aggregator Cross Border (PA-CB) rules and say funds are held in an Export Collection Account with an Authorised Dealer bank in India. PingPong does not appear among the PA-CB entities in the RBI list of Certificates of Authorisation dated 16 October 2026. Under the RBI Master Direction of 15 September 2025, the older OPGSP circulars continue only for an existing PA-CB that applied for authorisation on or before 30 April 2024 and whose application is still pending. Whether PingPong has such a pending application is not published on the pages checked.3637382039
TransFiPayment links shared in chat, including stablecoins4041TransFi says pricing on its USA to India route is benchmarked to the mid-market rate and that the rate is shown before you accept. No markup percentage is published.4243Not published as a schedule. TransFi says fees vary by payment method, origin country and transaction size and are shown before you confirm; the BizPay page says fees start from as low as 0.15% without saying what that covers.Not estimated: pricing not fully publishedNot published. TransFi's pages do not mention a FIRA or FIRC.TransFi says collections on the USA to India route settle within minutes to a few hours where instant rails are available; its help centre says BizPay transfers are processed as per the bank settlement cycle.4244TransFi does not appear on the RBI list of authorised PA-CB entities as on 16 October 2026. Its terms list Trans-Fi India Private Limited as an affiliate but name no Indian licence, regulator or partner bank.1345
WiseBank transfers to local account details46Mid-market exchange rate plus a conversion fee that Wise says depends on the currency. No percentage is published for conversion to INR; the amount is shown in Wise's calculator.4748Wise's India help article says it charges an equivalent of 2 USD in the received currency for the transfer to the INR bank account that issues the e-FIRC. Wise's India receive pricing page describes a free eFIRC for every transfer. The general Wise Business fee table on Wise's India site lists 6.11 USD per USD wire or Swift payment, 2.16 GBP per GBP Swift payment and 2.39 EUR per EUR Swift payment, with domestic (non-Swift, non-wire) payments free; Wise's India-specific receive pages do not repeat these Swift fees. 18% GST applies to Wise fees.464749Not estimated: pricing not fully publishedAn e-FIRC for each transfer, emailed to the registered address within 3 working days and downloadable from the transfer page. The help article links it to the 2 USD equivalent fee; the pricing page calls it free.4647Wise says the INR payment reaches the Indian bank account within 1 to 2 days and that more than 50% of transfers settle within 2 hours of pay-in. The client's payment takes 0 to 3 working days to reach Wise by local methods and 2 to 6 working days by SWIFT.46RBI's list of authorised payment aggregators dated 16 October 2026 includes Wise Payments India Private Limited as a Payment Aggregator, Cross Border, facilitating inward transactions (PA-CB-I), authorised on 12 March 2026. Wise's India receiving pages do not name the Wise entity that handles inward payments.1346

The order comes only from published pricing. Cashfree Payments, PingPong, TransFi and Wise do not publish enough to estimate a cost.

Why do you receive less than the mid-market AED to INR rate?

You receive less than the mid-market AED to INR rate because banks and platforms convert at their own rate and may charge a fee on top. Today's AED to INR reference rate is derived from European Central Bank data.51

For example, a 2% conversion markup on AED 18,000 costs AED 360 before any fee. Your FIRA shows the rate actually used,53 so compare it with the reference rate for that day using the FX markup calculator.

How much INR do you receive on $2,000, $5,000 and $10,000 from the United Arab Emirates?

The INR you receive from the United Arab Emirates depends on the platform. The table works this out from published pricing at today's rate, in AED.

PlatformBest forINR on AED 7,300INR on AED 18,000INR on AED 37,000Cost on AED 18,000
SkydoMost INRTransfer to Skydo local account details or international SWIFT accountLocal bank transfers from major markets₹1,85,219₹4,58,688₹9,46,1270.70%
PayoneerLocal bank transfer to Payoneer receiving account detailsMarketplace payouts such as Amazon or Upwork₹1,79,838 to ₹1,85,458₹4,43,437 to ₹4,57,294₹9,11,509 to ₹9,39,9931.00 to 4.00%

Not estimated because pricing for AED is not fully published: PingPong, TransFi.

Ranked by INR received on AED 18,000. Reference rate: European Central Bank data for 13 November 2026. Fees, conversion markup, GST on fees and FIRA charges as published by each provider, checked 28 October 2026. Ranges appear where a provider publishes a range or does not state its GST rate. Intermediary bank charges are excluded. See the methodology.

What should you consider when choosing how to get paid from the United Arab Emirates?

Consider the total cost and your client's convenience when choosing how to get paid from the United Arab Emirates.

  • Total cost: add the fee, the conversion markup and GST on fees, not just the headline fee.
  • Local rail coverage: a local AED account lets the client pay without an international wire.
  • Settlement speed: check how many working days the rupees take to reach your bank.
  • FIRA: make sure you get a FIRA or e-FIRC for every receipt.
  • Client experience: ask how your client prefers to pay before you choose.
  • Support: check how the platform handles held or returned payments.

What documents and compliance apply to payments from the United Arab Emirates?

Payments from the United Arab Emirates follow the same Indian rules as any export of services.

  • Export status: work for a client in the United Arab Emirates is an export of services when all five conditions in section 2(6) of the IGST Act are met.54 Use the export of services checker if you are unsure.
  • EDF: from 1 October 2026 you give an Export Declaration Form (EDF) to your bank, usually within 30 days from the end of the month of invoicing.50 See the EDF for service exporters.
  • Realisation: the payment must arrive within nine months of the invoice date.50
  • FIRA and purpose code: keep the FIRA or bank advice for each receipt and check that it shows the right purpose code.53
  • e-BRC: generate an e-BRC on the DGFT portal where you need one.55

What tax applies to money received from the United Arab Emirates?

Money received from the United Arab Emirates is zero-rated for GST and taxable as income in India, and the client may deduct tax in the United Arab Emirates.

  • GST: an export of services is a zero-rated supply, so a registered supplier with an LUT invoices it without GST.5657

  • Treaty: India and the United Arab Emirates have a comprehensive DTAA signed at New Delhi on 29 April 1992, in force from 22 September 1993, amended by Protocols notified in 2007 and 2013.1

  • Article on technical services: No fees for technical services article. Service income usually falls under Article 7 (Business profits) or Article 14 (Independent personal services); Article 12 covers royalties.1

  • Treaty rate: No FTS rate. Article 12 covers royalties only.1 Under Article 7, business profits are taxable only in the supplier's home country unless the supplier carries on business through a permanent establishment in the other country. The text has no MFN clause.1

The UAE Federal Tax Authority lists UAE-sourced income of a non-resident that is not attributable to a permanent establishment in the UAE as subject to withholding tax of 0%.58

If tax is deducted, you may be able to claim credit for it against your Indian tax on the same income; from tax year 2026-27 the claim is made in Form 44.59 See foreign tax credit and DTAA for Indian exporters.

How did we verify this?

We checked this page against the sources below on 28 October 2026. Provider fees, conversion markups and RBI payment aggregator (PA-CB) status were checked on 28 October 2026. Rupee amounts use European Central Bank reference rates for 13 November 2026. Read our methodology or report an error.

  1. [1]Income Tax Department: India-UAE DTAA text
  2. [2]Skydo FAQ, How much does Skydo charge? (checked 2026-10-28)
  3. [3]Skydo, Home page (checked 2026-10-28)
  4. [4]Skydo FAQ, Who will bear the SWIFT charges? (checked 2026-10-28)
  5. [5]Skydo FAQ, Limitations and restrictions on receiving your foreign remittance via Skydo (checked 2026-10-28)
  6. [6]Skydo, Receive international payments in India as a freelancer (checked 2026-10-28)
  7. [7]Skydo, Terms of use (checked 2026-10-28)
  8. [8]Payoneer India, Payoneer Fees (checked 2026-10-28)
  9. [9]Payoneer Help Center, Digital FIRA FAQ (checked 2026-10-28)
  10. [10]Skydo FAQs, What countries can I get paid locally through Skydo? (checked 2026-10-28)
  11. [11]Skydo FAQs, What is accepted for GST filings and banks between FIRA and FIRC? (checked 2026-10-28)
  12. [12]Skydo FAQs, How long does settlement take on InstaLinks? (checked 2026-10-28)
  13. [13]RBI: Payment system operators authorised under the PSS Act, 2007, list as on 16 October 2026 (checked 2026-10-28)
  14. [14]Payoneer, How to use Payoneer in India (last modified 18 September 2026, checked 2026-10-28)
  15. [15]Payoneer India, Multi-currency account page and FAQs (checked 2026-10-28)
  16. [16]Payoneer India, Digital FIRC page (checked 2026-10-28)
  17. [17]Payoneer India, Payoneer's multi-jurisdictional licenses (checked 2026-10-28)
  18. [18]Payoneer press release, Payoneer receives in-principle authorization as Cross-Border Payment Aggregator in India, 22 January 2026
  19. [19]RBI, Status of applications received under the Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007, as on 16.10.2026, Table E (checked 2026-10-28)
  20. [20]RBI, Certificates of Authorisation issued under the Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007, dated 16 October 2026 (checked 2026-10-28)
  21. [21]Cashfree Payments Docs, Global Collections overview (checked 2026-10-28)
  22. [22]Cashfree Payments Docs, Global Collections: Collection Accounts (checked 2026-10-28)
  23. [23]Cashfree Payments, Cross Border Payment solutions: Accept international payments (checked 2026-10-28)
  24. [24]Cashfree Payments, Global Collections: International wire transfer for Indian businesses (checked 2026-10-28)
  25. [25]Cashfree Payments, Payment Gateway Charges (India), International Cards, Global Collections and Cross Border FAQ (checked 2026-10-28)
  26. [26]Cashfree Payments Docs, Global Collections FAQs (checked 2026-10-28)
  27. [27]Cashfree Payments Docs, International Payment Gateway (IPG) overview (checked 2026-10-28)
  28. [28]RBI, Certificates of Authorisation issued under the Payment and Settlement Systems Act, 2007 for setting up and operating payment systems in India, Payment Aggregators table (checked 2026-10-28)
  29. [29]PingPong India, home page (checked 2026-10-28)
  30. [30]PingPong India, Freelancers and Service Providers (checked 2026-10-28)
  31. [31]PingPong India Help Center, What is the charging standard? (checked 2026-10-28)
  32. [32]PingPong India Help Center, How does your virtual account charge? (checked 2026-10-28)
  33. [33]PingPong India, Value Added Services (checked 2026-10-28)
  34. [34]PingPong India Help Center, How can I get a FIRC? (checked 2026-10-28)
  35. [35]PingPong India Help Center, How can I withdraw funds from my PingPong account? (checked 2026-10-28)
  36. [36]PingPong India, License and Regulation (checked 2026-10-28)
  37. [37]PingPong India, About Us (checked 2026-10-28)
  38. [38]PingPong Service Terms and Conditions, section 3.1, section 9.3 and Exhibit A (Applicable to Customer Location in India) (checked 2026-10-28)
  39. [39]RBI: Master Direction on Regulation of Payment Aggregator, 15 September 2025, paragraphs 11(d) and 19
  40. [40]TransFi, BizPay product page (checked 2026-10-28)
  41. [41]TransFi Help Center, How can I get started? What documents are needed? BizPay (checked 2026-10-28)
  42. [42]TransFi, Receive money in India from USA (checked 2026-10-28)
  43. [43]TransFi, Receive money (checked 2026-10-28)
  44. [44]TransFi Help Center, How long does it take to transfer funds? BizPay (checked 2026-10-28)
  45. [45]TransFi, Terms and Conditions, last updated 28 May 2026, section 6.4 and Annexure A (checked 2026-10-28)
  46. [46]Wise Help Centre, Receiving payments for Indian businesses (checked 2026-10-28)
  47. [47]Wise India, Fees for getting paid (Wise Business receive pricing) (checked 2026-10-28)
  48. [48]Wise India, Receive international payments (checked 2026-10-28)
  49. [49]Wise India site, Wise Business pricing, fees at a glance (checked 2026-10-28)
  50. [50]RBI: Foreign Exchange Management (Export and Import of Goods and Services) Regulations, 2026, amended up to 22 September 2026 (regulations 3, 4 and 5)
  51. [51]European Central Bank: euro foreign exchange reference rates
  52. [52]Al Etihad Payments: home page, Aani and Jaywan (checked 2026-10-28)
  53. [53]RBI: A.P. (DIR Series) Circular No. 84 dated 29 February 2012, purpose codes for reporting under FETERS
  54. [54]IGST Act, 2017, section 2(6): definition of export of services (CBIC)
  55. [55]DGFT: eBRC services (self-generation of e-BRC from bank inward remittance data)
  56. [56]IGST Act, 2017, section 16: zero-rated supply (CBIC)
  57. [57]GST Portal user guide: Furnishing of Letter of Undertaking (FORM GST RFD-11)
  58. [58]UAE Federal Tax Authority: Corporate Tax topic, Basis of Taxation for Non-Residents (checked 2026-10-28)
  59. [59]Income-tax Rules, 2026, rule 76 and Form 44 (foreign tax credit), notified 20 March 2026

Frequently asked questions

What is the cheapest way to receive money from the United Arab Emirates to India?+

On published fees, the cheapest way to receive AED 18,000 from the United Arab Emirates is a local AED account with Skydo, at about 0.70%.234567 The order can change with invoice size, so check your own amount in the calculator above.

Do I charge GST to a client in the United Arab Emirates?+

No, if the work meets the five export conditions and you invoice under an LUT. An export of services to a client in the United Arab Emirates is a zero-rated supply, so a registered supplier with an LUT invoices it without GST.5456

How long can a client in the United Arab Emirates take to pay?+

RBI rules require the payment from the United Arab Emirates to be realised within nine months of the invoice date for exports invoiced from 1 October 2026, or twelve months if the invoice is in rupees.50

Does India have a tax treaty with the United Arab Emirates?+

Yes. India and the United Arab Emirates have a comprehensive DTAA signed at New Delhi on 29 April 1992, in force from 22 September 1993, amended by Protocols notified in 2007 and 2013. No FTS rate. Article 12 covers royalties only.1

Do I need a SWIFT code to receive money from the United Arab Emirates?+

Only for an international wire. If your client in the United Arab Emirates pays into local AED account details from a payment platform, the client uses those local details instead. For a wire to your Indian bank, the client needs your bank's SWIFT code and your account number.

How do I track a payment from the United Arab Emirates that has not arrived?+

For a wire, ask your client for the SWIFT confirmation (often called the MT103) and share it with your bank. For a platform payment, check the payment status in your platform account and contact its support with the client's transfer reference.

Can I hold AED received from the United Arab Emirates instead of converting it?+

Some exporters keep foreign currency in an Exchange Earner's Foreign Currency (EEFC) account with an Indian bank, but most payment platforms convert to INR automatically. See the [EEFC account guide](/blog/eefc-account-benefits) for the rules and limits.

Can a client in the United Arab Emirates pay me by card?+

Yes, through a platform that offers a card checkout or payment link. On published fees, the cheapest card or link route for AED 18,000 costs about 3.88 to 6.79%.89 Card pricing is usually higher than a bank transfer.

This page is general information for Indian service exporters, not tax or legal advice. Rules change and outcomes depend on your facts, so confirm with a chartered accountant before acting.